Img Alt - Mobile header
Back
Gastroenterology

Understanding the challenge of adherence in pancreatic exocrine insufficiency

  • Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency poses a significant burden on the lives of those affected
  • Adherence to medications is challenging due to regimens that require precise dose and timing
  • Collaboration between healthcare provider and patient is important to reinforce adherence as a positive behavior

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is associated with several conditions

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is defined by insufficient secretion or function of pancreatic enzymes or sodium bicarbonate for normal digestion.1,2 Its prevalence in the general population is unclear, and estimations are problematic due to the lack of a suitable screening test.1 It is, however, accepted that prevalence of PEI increases with age, and is estimated to be as high as 11.5–20% in apparently healthy older individuals.1

Common causes of PEI include:

  • cystic fibrosis3,4
  • chronic pancreatitis3,4
  • pancreatic cancer3,4
  • upper GI and pancreatic surgery4

Half of those who have had chronic pancreatitis for five-to-ten years will develop PEI and 4/5 of those with severe chronic pancreatitis have PEI.3 A systematic review and meta-analysis found that 73% of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer had PEI and that treatment of the PEI was associated with significantly longer survival, compared with no treatment (12.6 vs. 8.7 months, p=0.002),5 underlining the importance of adherence to treatment in achieving the best outcomes for these patients.

PEI medication imposes a substantial burden on patients

Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is the main pharmacological treatment for PEI, with the primary treatment goal of eliminating maldigestion/malabsorption and maintaining adequate nutrition.6,7 Modern preparations contain pancreatic extract encapsulated in microtablets or microspheres with pH sensitive enteric coating.2,6

The advantages of PERT include helping to manage symptoms of digestive problems (e.g. weight loss, diarrhea) and helping patients to cope better with other treatments (e.g. chemotherapy, surgery). Managing problems with digestion can improve patient quality of life.3,8

In those patients who seem to be failing therapy, the most common reason is non- compliance9,10 (sometimes owing to cost), wrong timing of ingestion9,10, or inadequate dosage.9,10

Defining adherence

Adherence is a key factor in the effectiveness of therapies for both chronic and acute diseases.

The definition has evolved since an initial description was mooted by the WHO in 2001: ‘the extent to which patients follow medical instructions’. It has since been extended to encompass the range of medical interventions used to treat chronic diseases, and highlight the importance of the relationship between the healthcare provider and the patient, leading to the development of a multidimensional adherence model.11

Figure 1: WHO multidimensional adherence model2

There are multiple stages and types of adherence; it can be differentiated between intentional and unintentional behaviors.12 Intentional non-adherence describes an active decision by a patient not to take their prescribed therapy. Unintentional non-adherence is a passive process, where patients fail to follow prescribing instructions either by forgetting to do so, or due to circumstances that are beyond their control – this form of non-adherence is thought to account for between 20 and 50% of patients.12 There is not always a clear line between the two; it has been suggested that unintentional non-adherence can be influenced by the patient’s beliefs about their medication, presence of chronic disease and other socio- demographic factors, which may also influence intentional non-adherence in the future.12

Non-adherence is therefore not classified as a single behavior. It encompasses multiple stages:13

• Initiation (Fulfillment)

The patient takes the first dose of their prescribed medication.

• Implementation (Compliance)

Defines the extent to which a patient’s actual dosing corresponds to the prescribed dosing regimen

• Persistence

The length of time between initiation and the last dose that immediately precedes discontinuation

Non-adherence in PEI

Management of PEI has been shown to be suboptimal in an analysis of 5,358 patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and pancreatectomy. A large proportion of patients was found to be non-adherent to their PERT regimen, and this was found to be associated with higher utilization and healthcare costs.14 European guidelines regard ‘adequate and appropriate PERT’ as essential in the management of chronic pancreatitis.15

Compliance with PERT administration guidelines has also been shown to be low among patients with pancreatic cancer; however, improvement in symptoms significantly correlated with appropriate use of PERT.16

The consequences of non-adherence, and how to mitigate these

The consequences of not only not taking medications, but of taking them inappropriately, can be severe. Medication-related problems can result from taking an inappropriate dose, missing doses or from drug-drug interactions.17

Non-adherence to PERT in the management of PEI has been shown to be associated with higher utilization and healthcare costs.14 The complexity of dosing may be partly mitigated by educating patients on dosing strategies and reducing pill burden.18

An extended clinical care team, including nurses,19 pharmacists20 and dieticians19,21 can provide additional support and education to optimize patients’ adherence to their therapies.

There are a number of behavioral frameworks and tools that can be utilized to improve adherence, including patients support programs (PSPs).

Early models were simple and relied on written interventions to improve adherence in the short term. This later progressed to educating patients, both about their disease and interventions, with follow up from healthcare professionals to improve long-term adherence.22 The generally accepted ‘gold standard’ now involves the measurement of adherence using digital tools, enabling personalized interventions and collaboration between healthcare professional and patient.23

These models and tools will be discussed further in subsequent articles in this series.

References

  1. Shandro BM, Nagarajah R, Poullis A. Challenges in the management of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2018;9(5):39–46.
  2. Lindkvist B. Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2013;19(42):7258–7266.
  3. Guts UK. Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency (PEI) and Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT). Available at: https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/pancreatic-exocrine-insufficiency-pei-and-pancreatic-enzyme-replacement-therapy-pert/ [Accessed April 2021].
  4. Dominguez-Muñoz JE. Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018;34(5):349–354.
  5. de la Iglesia D, Avci B, Kiriukova M, et al. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterology J. 2020;8(9):1115–1125.
  6. Australasian Pancreatic Club PERT Guidelines Working Party. Australasian guidelines for the management of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. 2015. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b5e94e7aa49a1a136248110/t/5db0c976c894034e9ce620b8/1571867020139/APC+Guidelines+on+PEI.pdf [Accessed April 2021].
  7. Medical Academic. The pancreas: PEI & PERT. Available at: https://www.medicalacademic.co.za/post-summary/?post_refered=23394 [Accessed April 2021].
  8. Pancreatic Cancer UK. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). Available at: https://www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/information/managing-symptoms-and-side-effects/diet-and-pancreatic-cancer/pancreatic-enzyme-replacement-therapy-pert/ [Accessed April 2021].
  9. Perbtani Y, Forsmark CE. Update on the diagnosis and management of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. F1000Research. 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev–1991.
  10. Struyvenberg MR, Martin CR, Freedman SD. Practical guide to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency – Breaking the myths. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):29.
  11. World Health Organization. Adherance to long term therapies – Evidence for action. Available at: https://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_report/en/ [Accessed April 2021].
  12. Gadkari AS, McHorney CA. Unintentional non-adherence to chronic prescription medications: How unintentional is it really? BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12(1):98.
  13. Vrijens B, de Geest S, Hughes DA, et al. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73(5):691–705.
  14. Khandelwal N, Wang S, Johns B, Vora J, Castelli-Haley J, Singh VK. Economic Impact of Treatment Adherence in Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) Patients Treated with Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT). Value Health. 2018;21(Suppl 1):S85–S86.
  15. Löhr JM, Dominguez-Munoz E, Rosendahl J, et al. United European Gastroenterology evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of chronic pancreatitis (HaPanEU). United European Gastroenterology J. 2017;5(2):153–199.
  16. Barkin JA, Westermann A, Hoos W, et al. Frequency of Appropriate Use of Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy and Symptomatic Response in Pancreatic Cancer Patients. Pancreas. 2019;48(6):780–786.
  17. Hayward KL, Weersink RA. Improving Medication‐Related Outcomes in Chronic Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4(11):1562–1577.
  18. van der Haak N, Kench A. Chapter 10 Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy. In Nutrition Guidelines for Cystic Fibrosis in Australia and New Zealand. 2017:95–110. Available at: https://www.thoracic.org.au/documents/item/1045 [Accessed April 2021].
  19. Claghorn KB. Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT). 2019. Available at: https://www.oncolink.org/support/nutrition-and-cancer/during-and-after-treatment/pancreatic-enzyme-replacement-therapy-pert [Accessed April 2021].
  20. Catton BJ. Cystic fibrosis: Medication adherence is key. Pharmacy Times. 2016;82(4). Available at: https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/cystic-fibrosis-medication-adherence-is-key [Accessed April 2021].
  21. Yip B, Thorburn D, Doddaiah H, Subramaniam S, Besherdas K. PWE-206 Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in pancreatic cancer: a role for the dietician. Gut. 2015;64(Suppl 1):A302.2–A303.
  22. Holmes EAF, Hughes DA, Morrison VL. Predicting adherence to medications using health psychology theories: A systematic review of 20 years of empirical research. Value Health. 2014;17(8):863–876.
  23. van Heuckelum M, van den Ende CHM, Houterman AEJ, Heemskerk CPM, van Dulmen S, van den Bemt BJF. The effect of electronic monitoring feedback on medication adherence and clinical outcomes: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(10):e0185453.